Mechanisms of temperature adaptation in poikilotherms

Abstract 

For good function, membrane lipids have to be arranged appropriately and be in the correct physical state. In poikilotherms, exposure to cold stress or heat shock can alter membrane properties such that, unless they are corrected quickly, damage and, possibly, death can result. Low temperature stress is countered by modifying membrane lipids such that their average transition temperature is lowered. There are various ways in which this can be achieved but an increase in fatty acid unsaturation is the most common. For heat shock, various changes in lipids have been noted and some defensive strategies involving heat shock proteins noted.

In this short review, we will describe recent results where adaptive lipid changes, as a result of temperature stress, have been found. Mechanisms for bringing about such alterations are discussed, together with the contrasting data for different organisms.

Abbreviations: ER, endoplasmic reticulum, Fad, fatty acid desaturase, PC, phosphatidylcholine, PE, phosphatidylethanolamine, T_c, transition (gel- to liquid-crystalline) temperature

Keywords: Poikilotherms, Cold stress, Heat shock, Membrane lipids, Adaptation, Fatty acid desaturation